Originally shared on the public FactorioPrints / Factorio School archive (factorioprints.com · factorio.school). Authorship preserved from the public catalog.
A comprehensive guide on Bitshifting and how numbers are stored in Factorio (With a lesson on Two's Complement)
NOTE: Hover over display panels and combinators to read their description
Just paste it down, read through, and feel free to play around with values!